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地表覆盖对油茶产量和品质的影响
李维1,2, 肖芳曦1, 李艳3, 刘贱文2, 袁圆1, 刘秋菊4, 孟亚萍1
1.衡阳市农业科学院;2.耒阳市神农温泉生态农庄有限公司;3.湖南林博农业有限公司;4.衡阳科技职业学院
摘要:
为筛选最佳的油茶 Camellia oleifera 地表覆盖抗旱措施, 缓解季节性干旱的影响, 以 6 a 生油 茶品种 ‘华鑫’ C. oleifera ""Huaxin"" 、 ‘华金’ C. oleifera ""Huajin"" 和 ‘湘林 210’ C. oleifera ""Xianglin 210"" 为 研究对象, 采用随机完全区组设计设置 7 种地表覆盖处理, 覆盖处理时间为 5 个月。 结果显示, (1) 2023 年夏秋季节日最高气温≥35 ℃, 地表覆盖降低了 5 cm 土层的土壤温度, 增加了土壤湿度。 其中稻草+生态 垫和生态垫覆盖处理差异显著 (P<0. 05), 生态垫处理的降温保水效果最佳。 (2) 覆盖处理显著提高油 茶产量 (P<0. 05)。 ‘湘林 210’ 生态垫处理的冠幅单产较 CK 增加了 124. 00%; 同时显著提高种仁含油 率至 40. 01%, 较 CK 提高 33. 46%。 (3) 生态垫覆盖显著改善 ‘湘林 210’ 的油脂品质, ‘湘林 210’ 油 酸含量提高 2. 93%, 可溶性淀粉和糖含量均显著高于 CK。 结果表明, 在无灌溉条件下, 对油茶进行地表 覆盖是缓解季节性干旱缺水的有效措施。 覆盖效果受品种特性影响, 且不同品种对覆盖响应不同。 采用 生态垫覆盖的降温保水效果最优, 可有效缓解干旱胁迫。 生态垫覆盖对 ‘湘林 210’ 增产效果最好, 是该 品种的最佳抗旱覆盖措施。
关键词:  地表覆盖  油茶  生态垫  鲜果产量  茶油品质
DOI：10. 20221 / j. cnki. 2096-2053. 202504006
分类号:
基金项目:湖南省科技创新人才计划基金 (2024RC8144), 衡阳市科技指导性计划基金 (202323026725)。
Effects of Surface Coverage on Fresh Fruit Yield and Tea Oil Quality of Camellia oleifera
liwei1, XIAO Fangxi1, LI Yan2, LIU Jianwen3, YUAN Yuan1, LIU Qiuju4, MENG Yaping1
1.Hengyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences;2.Hunan Linbo Agriculture Co., Ltd.;3.Leiyang Shennong Hot Spring Ecological Farm Co., Ltd.;4.Hengyang Vocational College of Science and Technology
Abstract:
To identify the optimal surface coverage measures for enhancing drought resistance in Camellia oleifera and mitigating the effects of seasonal drought, six-year-old cultivars C. oleifera ""Huaxin"" , C. oleifera ""Huajin"" , and C. oleifera ""Xianglin 210"" were used as test materials. Seven surface coverage treatments were established using a randomized complete block design and maintained for five months. The results showed that: (1) During the summer and autumn of 2023, when daily maximum temperatures exceeded 35 ℃, surface coverage reduced soil temperature at the 5 cm depth and increased soil moisture. The straw + ecological cushion and ecological cushion treatments exhibited significant differences (P<0. 05), with the ecological cushion treatment demonstrating the best cooling and water retention effects. (2) Surface coverage significantly improved fresh fruit yield (P<0. 05). The ecological cushion treatment increased the canopy yield per unit area of ""Xianglin 210"" by 124. 00% compared to the control (CK). Additionally, it significantly enhanced kernel oil content to 40. 01%, representing a 33. 46% increase over CK. ( 3) The ecological cushion treatment significantly improved the tea oil quality of ""Xianglin 210"" , increasing oleic acid content by 2. 93%, with soluble starch and sugar contents significantly higher than CK. These findings demonstrate that surface coverage is an effective measure for alleviating seasonal drought stress under non-irrigated conditions. The effectiveness of coverage is influenced by cultivar characteristics, and different cultivars respond variably to treatments. The ecological cushion provided optimal cooling and water retention effects, effectively mitigating drought stress. Notably, the ecological cushion coverage achieved the highest yield increase in ""Xianglin 210"" , establishing it as the optimal method for drought-resistant surface coverage for this cultivar.
Key words:  surface coverage  Camellia oleifera  ecological cushion  fresh fruit yield  tea oil quality